Adamawa Soils and Soil Management

The soils of Adamawa State, like much of Northern Nigeria, are predominantly derived from the Basement Complex, with some areas formed from sandstone, shale, and alluvium. The key climatic factors influencing soil formation in the state are high temperature and rainfall, which accelerate the weathering process and contribute to the rich mineral content of the soils. These soils are largely classified as ferruginous tropical soils, known for their red or yellow iron oxide mottling and horizon differentiation.

The major soil types in Adamawa State include Luvisols, Regosols, Cambisols, Vertisols, and Lithosols, each with distinct characteristics, distributions, and agricultural potential:

I. Luvisols are common in Girei, Madagali, Gombi, and Hong areas. They are well-drained with high base saturation, moderate to high organic matter, and moderate acidity. Found on gentle slopes, they are suitable for a variety of crops due to their nutrient-holding capacity.

II. Regosols, the most widespread in the state, are immature, weakly developed soils found in hilly areas like Bajabure, Michika, and the Loko River floodplains. Despite low development, their montmorillonite clay content gives them good water and nutrient retention. They are cultivated with sorghum, maize, and millet.

III. Cambisols are found on mountainous terrains and areas like Gurin, Ngurore-Mayo-Belwa, and Fufore. These soils are moderately acidic, deep, and poorly drained with loamy to sandy textures. They show limited weathering and have minimal horizon development.

IV. Vertisols are heavy clay soils with high nutrient capacity but poor physical properties. Prone to cracking in dry seasons and waterlogging in wet ones, they are difficult to manage but productive under careful cultivation. Found in Malabu-Wurobokki, Guyuk, and Borrong-Shelleng, they support water-tolerant crops during the rainy season.

V. Lithosols are shallow, rocky soils with low productivity, found in mountainous regions and around Bajabure. These soils are acidic to neutral, have low organic matter, and are highly prone to erosion. They dry quickly and have limited root depth, making them suitable for hardy crops like sorghum and millet.

Despite variability in fertility and physical conditions, Adamawa’s soils support diverse agricultural activities. However, sustainable soil management—including erosion control, organic matter enhancement, and drainage improvement—is crucial for long-term productivity and resilience to climate impacts.